AP Language and Composition Summer Reading: 2021

Part 1: Create a rhetorical glossary by defining the following rhetorical terms. You may use your textbook or the internet to help locate the definitions. CITE ALL SOURCES and include a works cited page. Your glossary may be typed or neatly handwritten.

Terms for Analyzing Rhetoric & Arguments

1. Aim 2. Allusion 3. Anaphora 4. Antithesis 5. Appeal 6. Aristotelian Triangle

– Ethos – Pathos – Logos

7. Arrangement 8. Assonance 9. Assumption 10. Audience 11. Claim 12. Context 13. Types of Reasoning:

– Deductive Reasoning – Inductive Reasoning

14. Dialect 15. Diction 16. Enthymeme 17. Epistrophe 18. Epithet 19. Euphemism 20. Exigence 21. Intention 22. Parts of an Argument:

– Major Premise – Minor Premise – Syllogism

23. Parallelism 24. Pun 25. Purpose 26. Rhetorical Choices ** 27. Rhetorical Intention 28. Rhetorical Question

29. Rhetorical Situation 30. Rhetorical Triangle 31. Rule of Three / Triad 32. Trope 33. Understatement v.

Hyperbole 34. Six Part Oration:

– Exordium – Narration – Partition – Confirmation – Refutation – Peroration

Terms for Analyzing Literature:

1. Character Types: a. Dynamic Character b. Static Character

2. Climax 3. Narration Styles:

a. limited narration b. omniscient narration

4. Plot / Plot Devices

** This language will appear on the AP Exam’s Rhetorical Analysis question.

SEE PART 2 ON NEXT PAGE ?

Part 2: Read and Analyze 3 Abraham Lincoln Speeches using the documents provided. The speeches are attached in one file, while the graphic organizer you must use to analyze them is attached in a separate file. Here’s a sample row analyzing part of a different Lincoln speech:

Quote/passage: Rhetorical Strategy Explained: (What is Lincoln doing and why?)

Impact on the audience/reader: (How will the listener react?)

O b s e r v a t i o n # 1

“[L]et us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations” (Lincoln par. 4).

Lincoln uses first person plural point of view as he invites his listeners to join him (“let us…”) in moving the nation forward as it heals from Civil War. He then uses a series of parallel phrases to rally his audience and lead them to act to heal the nation (“bind up the nation’s wounds”), care for soldiers and the families of fallen soldiers, and finally, to do whatever is necessary to bring about lasting peace in the country and with other countries. Mentioning the widow and orphan appeals to audience sympathy. His list of desired actions builds in complexity, showing how the small actions that listeners might take to heal the wounds of those at home will ultimately promote a more peaceful nation and world, thus making that grand end goal seem more achievable. By ending his speech this way, he calls his audience to action.

Listeners will respond to the use of first person plural point of view, feeling solidarity with the President. He and they are called to the same action. This makes Lincoln more relatable and also strengthens his chance at getting the audience to act.

They will be emotionally moved to do what they can in their own communities in helping soldiers and families of the dead (especially at the mention of widows and orphans), and feel a grander sense of purpose in thinking that these actions will, in the end, also bring about permanent national and international peace.